Infinitive Forms (формы инфинитива):
Active | Passive | Действие | |
Indefinite Continuous Perfect Perfect Continuous | to do to be doing to have done to have been doing | to be done - to have been done - | одновременное длительное предшествующее длительное |
Инфинитив употребляется без частицы «to» после:
1)модальных и вспомогательных глаголов- can/could, may /might, must, shall/should, will /would, do/did, need, dare, had better(следовало бы,не помешало бы), would rather(предпочел бы),
2) глаголов- let, make, help
3)глаголов, выражающих восприятие посредством органов чувств-
to see, to watch, to feel, to notice, to observe, to hear
· What do you mean by coming so late?
· He must be at the entrance at 5 minutes to seven.
· Let me see!
· I noticed him pass a note to his neighbour.
· She helped him do it.
· -Would you like to go out this evening? -I’d rather stay at home.
· -I think it’s going to rain. You’d better take an umbrella with you when you go out.
Инфинитив может служить в предложении
1) подлежащим: ~ To travel by sea is a pleasant thing. ~ It’s time to go home.
2) именной частью составного сказуемого:~ Your task is to put up the tent.
3) дополнением: ~I want to show you the house where I was born.
~ Tell me how to do it.
4) определением: ~ He brought me a book to read. ~I’ve no idea how to get there.
5) обстоятельством: ~ He was too old to travel any more.
~I have come here to talk to you.
Инфинитив,его функции в предложении и способы перевода на русский язык
Примеры | Перевод | Функция в предложении | Переводится на рус. яз. |
I. To read books in bad light is harmful. | Читать(чтение)книги при плохом освещении вредно. | I. Подлежащее | Инфинитивом, существительным |
II.1) The problem was to get there in time. The best way to master the language is to read much. 2) He was to get to the town before dawn. Such phenomena are to be observed only in the north. 3)He began to read this story yesterday. | 1)Задача состояла в том, чтобы добраться туда вовремя. Лучший способ овладеть языком - это много читать. 2) Он должен был добраться до города до рассвета. 3) Он начал читать этот рассказ. | II.2-я часть сложного сказуемого после: 1) глагола связки 2) модального глагола 3)после глаголов begin, continue etc. | Инфинитивом [глагол-связка переводится словами состоять(заключаться) в том, чтобы или словом это; в настоящем времени может не переводиться] |
III. He wanted to read this book. | Он хотел прочесть эту книгу. | III. Дополнение | Инфинитивом, Существительным |
IV.1) We shall have no possibility to go there. 2)The road to connect these two towns is being built. Here is the letter to be sent off at once. There was onl one house to live in. 3)He was the first to come. | 1) У нас не будет возможности поехать туда. 2)Дорога,которая соединит (должна соединить) эти два города , строится. Вот письмо, которое надо отправить немедленно. Был только один дом, в котором можно было жить. 3) Он пришёл первым. | IV. Определение | 1) Инфинитивом, Существительным 2)Определительным придаточным предложением (со сказуемым, выражающим действие,которое совершится, должно совершиться или может совершиться ) 3) личной формой глагола (the first, the last etc.) |
V.1) We must work hard (in order, so as) to master English. He has come to see you. 2)He is too tired to continue the way. He is well enough to continue the way. 3)Materials thrown out by volcanoes are spread over the surface to form fertile soils. | 1)Мы должны много работать, (для того) чтобы овладеть английским. Он пришёл повидать Вас. 2)Он слишком устал, чтобы продолжать путь. Он достаточно хорошо себя чувствует, чтобы продолжать путь. 3)Материалы, выбрасываемые вулканами, распространяются по поверхности, образуя плодородные почвы. (= и образуют плодородные почвы.) | V. Обстоятельства: 1)цели (иногда со словами in order, so as) 2)следствия (со словами too. enough) 3)сопутствующее обстоятельство | 1)Инфинитивом с союзами чтобы, для того чтобы или без союзов 2) Инфинитивом с союзами чтобы, для того чтобы. 3 )деепричастием |
THE INFINITIVE CONSTRUCTIONS ИНФИНИТИВНЫЕ ОБОРОТЫ
1. The Objective with the Infinitive Construction = Complex Object (Объектный падеж с инфинитивом = сложное дополнение)
Subject Подлежащее | Predicate Сказуемое (глагол) | Object Дополнение | |
Noun (in the Common Case) Существительное(в общем падеже) or Pronoun (in the Objective Case) Местоимение (в объектном падеже) | Infinitive or Ving | ||
S | verbs denoting wish & intention: to wish, to want, to desire, to mean, to intend | ME YOU HIM HER IT US THEM THE GIRL STUDENTS PETER | F U L L I N F I N I T I V E (with ‘ to’) |
verbs denoting feeling & emotion: to like, to dislike, to love, to hate, cannot bear | |||
verbs denoting mental activity: to think, to know, to consider, to suppose ,to believe, to expect, to find, to trust | |||
verbs of declaring: to report, to declare, to pronounce | |||
verbs denoting order&permission: to order, to allow, to let, to suffer, to have. | |||
verbs denoting sense perception: to hear, to see, to feel, to watch, to observe, to notice | BARE INFINITIVE (without ‘ to’) or Ving | ||
verbs denoting causation : to make, to cause, to get, to have. | BARE INFINITIVE (without ‘ to’) | ||
1) I don’t want anyone to know about this.
2) I can’t allow the children to do that.
3) I believe him to be new to this kind of work.
4) I saw the car turn round the corner.
5) What made you laugh?
In these sentences the object is expressed by a noun or a pronoun and an infinitive (with or without «to»)
The Objective with the Infinitive is used
1) After verbs denoting wish and intention: to wish, to want, to desire, to mean, to intend
· We want the students to make good progress.
· Did he mean us to know?
2) After verbs denoting feeling and emotion: to like, to dislike, to love, to hate, cannot bear
· Mother likes her daughter to dress well.
· She can’t bear you to be unhappy.
· I hate you to speak in this way.
3) After verbs denoting mental activity: to think, to know, to consider, to suppose, to believe, to expect, to find, to trust
· We suppose him to be in Moscow.
· They consider him to be very clever.
· I expect him to know it.
!Note!With the verbs to think, to consider, to find the same idea can be expressed without an infinitive.
· Do you think him a good worker?
· I have always found John friendly.
· We consider this of little importance.
4) After verbs of declaring : to report, to declare, to pronounce
· Everyone reported him to be the best man for the job.
· He declared himself to be a member of this drama society.
5) After verbs denoting sense perception: to hear, to see, to feel, to watch, to observe, to notice. !Note! After these verbs the infinitive is used without «to».
· Did you see him go out?
· Watch that boy jump!
· We felt the house shake.
!Note! When such verbs as to see, to hear, .....etc. are not verbs of sense perception, a clause is
used after them. Compare:
· I saw him hit the dog. ( sense perception)
· I saw that he disliked the dog. (= I understood that he disliked the dog)
· I hear somebody call me. ( sense perception)
· I hear that you have been ill. ( = I am told that you have been ill)
6) After verbs denoting order and permission : to order, to allow, to let, to suffer, to have.
!Note! After the verbs to let, to have the infinitive is used without «to».
· The officer ordered his men to advance.
· He ordered the picture to be removed.
· We can’t allow them to do that.
· We can’t have them waste their time in this way. ( here the verb to have denotes permission. It is used only in negative sentences. To suffer in this sense is also often negative.)
7) After verbs denoting causation : to make, to cause, to get, to have.
!Note! After the verbs to make , to have the infinitive is used without «to»
· What makes you think so?
· The noise caused him to awake.
· I shall have him bring the box here.
· They got him to come.
Конструкция “сложное дополнение” характерна для английского языка. В “сложном дополнении” существительное или местоимение в объектном падеже выражает лицо (или предмет), совершающее действие, выраженное инфинитивом, или подвергающееся этому действию.
Этот оборот равен по значению дополнительному придаточному предложению.
I expect him to come here. = I expect that he will come here.
Этот оборот может употребляться и с инфинитивом в страдательном залоге.
I expect the goods to be loaded at once.= I expect that the goods will be loaded at once.
Этот оборот употребляться только с инфинитивом, если дается перечисление действий
I expect him to come here and (to) help me.=I expect that he will come here and (will)help me .
I expect the goods to be packed and loaded at once.= I expect that the goods will be packed and( will be) loaded at once.
В русском языке нет оборота, соответствующего обороту “сложное дополнение”, и он переводится на русским язык дополнительным придаточным предложением.
1.I would like him to be invited to the concert. Я бы хотел, чтобы его пригласили на концерт. He wanted me to come on Sunday. Он хотел, чтобы я пришел в воскресенье. 2.I saw her enter / entering the house. Я видел, как она вошла / входила в дом. Have you heard him play/playing the piano? Слыхали ли вы, как он играет на рояле ? I heard his name mentioned during the conversation. Я слышал,как его имяупомяналм во время разговора. 3.I consider him ( to be) a clever man. Я считаю,что он умный человек. He found the terms of delivery (to be) acceptable.Он нашел,что условия поставки приемлемы. 4.How can you make a child learn to be polite? Как вы можете заставить ребенка быть вежливым ? I’ll let you go to the cinema . Я разрешу тебе пойти в кино. 5.The children were made to learn a poem by heart. Детей заставили учить стихотворение наизусть. We were allowed to watch the film. Нам разрешили посмотреть этот фильм. |
EXERCISES
Exercise 8 . Make up sentences using the complex object.
Example: He entered the room. I saw it. - I saw him enter the room.
1) He is the brightest student. I know it.
2) Nick called me. I heard it.
3) She quietly left the room. I noticed it.
4) She is a nice girl. I know it.
5) Our class is friendly. I think so.
6) He spoke French. I heard it.
7) He answered the door-bell. I heard it.
8) He took the medicine. The doctor made him.
9) The boy cried. The nurse watched the boy.
10) Nick made this hole. We saw it.
Exercise 9. Use Complex Object.
1)He entered the room. I saw it. 2)He is the brightest student. I know it. 3) Nick called me. I heard it. 4) She quietly left the room. I noticed it. 5) Our class is friendly. I think so. |
6) Alice is a nice girl. I know it.
7) He spoke French. I heard it.
8) He answered the door-bell. I heard it.
9) He took the medicine.The doctor made him.
10)The boy cried. The nurse watched the boy.
Exercise 10. Use Complex Object.
1) The boy pushed this girl. Everybody noticed it. 2) Did the hedgehog eat a mushroom? I watched.... 3) Look! Bill is swimming in the swimming pool. We saw...... 4) Did you hear that he is calling you? 5) Did the squirrel hide her nuts? Yes, I saw..... 6) Look! Dave is talking to Charles. We saw...... 7) Pete spoilt this toy. I saw it. 8) In autumn we see how the farmers gather ripe fruit. 9) Can Jane speak French? Yes, I heard...... 10) Somebody opened the window. I felt it. |
Exercise 11. Use Complex Object.
1) He can speak German. I heard it. 2) He will help me. I expect it. 3) The children are playing in the yard. I saw them. 4) Tom came late yesterday. I noticed it. 5) She entered the room. I saw it. | 6)Sam can sing well. I heard it. 7)Ulaf will come on Sunday. I want it. 8)He was running along the road. I saw it. 9)A strange man was standing at the door. I noticed it. 10)He was coming up the stairs slowly. I heard it. |
Exercise 12. Use Complex Object.
1) John is a very good son. I know it. 2) She makes good progress. We want it. 3) He is getting off a bus. I saw it. 4) Somebody called my name. I heard it. 5) She is painting the fence. I saw it. | 6) The boy put away the book. Everybody noticed it. 7) I saw that the children were playing in the yard. 8) The car stopped at the door. I saw it. 9) Somebody touched my hand. I felt it. 10) Did you notice that the boy came home late? |
Exercise 13. Paraphrase the following so as to use a complex subject.
Example: The doctor didn’t allow us to visit the patient. (say)- We were said not to visit the patient.
1) The boy is a liar. (to know)
2) He is a good singer. ( to say)
3) The plane reached the Crimea on time. (to report)
4) The actor is very talented. (to believe)
5) Nick will go to Paris next month. ( to announce)
Exercise 14. Join each pair of simple sentences into a complex one as shown in the pattern.
Example: He told the story many times. I heard it.- I heard him tell the story many times.
1) The man carried the suitcase into the house. We saw it.
2) She sings Russian songs. Everybody likes it.
3) He was a good pupil. I thought so.
4) You’ll join our tour. We expect it.
5) He is a captain of a big ship. We know it.
6) He is honest. I believe it.
7) She swam across the river. They watched it.
8) Nelly is new to this kind of work. I believe it.
9) The car turned round the corner. I saw it.
10) Somebody called me. I heard it.
Write the same in English.
1.Они хотели, чтобы нам было удобно.
2.Учителя хотят, чтобы ученики много читали.
3. Я не хочу, чтобы мои друзья лгали.
4. Мы ожидаем, что поезд придет вовремя.
5. Детям хотелось бы, чтобы он почитал им сказку.
Write the same in English.
1. Я бы хотела, чтобы вы позвонили мне в пять.
2. Никто не ожидал, что она станет королевой.
3. Он хотел, чтобы они ответили на этот вопрос.
4. Родители Джона предполагают, что он станет законодателем.
5.Я не хочу, чтобы вы громко кричали.
